Mexico City, situated at an elevation of approximately 2,240 meters (7,350 feet) above sea level, experiences a subtropical highland climate characterized by mild temperatures year-round. The city’s climate is divided into two distinct seasons: a dry season from November through April and a rainy season from May through October. During the dry season, temperatures are comfortable, with average daytime highs ranging from 21°C (70°F) in January to 26°C (79°F) in May. The rainy season brings increased precipitation, with July often being the wettest month, receiving up to 181mm (7.13 inches) of rainfall. This seasonal variation significantly influences daily life and urban planning in the city.
Despite its favorable climate, Mexico City faces several environmental challenges. One of the most pressing issues is air pollution. The city’s geography, surrounded by mountains, limits air circulation, leading to the accumulation of pollutants. Vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and deforestation contribute to poor air quality, which has been linked to various health problems, including respiratory infections and cardiovascular diseases. In 2024, the city recorded nine environmental contingencies due to high ozone levels, the highest number since 1993. These contingencies often result in restrictions on vehicular movement and industrial activities to mitigate pollution levels.
Another significant environmental concern is land subsidence. Excessive groundwater extraction has caused the city to sink at alarming rates, with some areas experiencing subsidence of up to 35 centimeters (14 inches) per year. This phenomenon damages infrastructure, disrupts water supply systems, and increases the risk of flooding. Satellite data from the NISAR mission, launched in July 2025, has provided detailed insights into the extent of subsidence, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable water management practices.
Addressing these environmental challenges requires a multifaceted approach, including improving public transportation to reduce vehicular emissions, implementing stricter industrial regulations, promoting reforestation, and adopting sustainable water usage policies. Public awareness and community involvement are also crucial in fostering a culture of environmental responsibility to ensure a healthier and more sustainable future for Mexico City.